[1] U. S.Department of Defense, “Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program, ” February 28, 2017, https：//policy.defense.gov/Portals/11/DoD%20FON%20Program%20Summary%2016.pdf？ver＝2017-03-03-141350-380, 2019-10-09.

    [2] Armin Rappaport and William Earl Weeks, “Freedom of the Seas, ” in Alexander DeConde et al.eds.,Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Vol.2, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002, pp.111, 121.

    [3] J. M.Kenworthy and George Young, The Freedom of the Seas, London: Hutchinson & CO.Publishers LTD., 1928, p.15.

    [4] Samuel Flagg Bemis, A Diplomatic History of the United States, 4th ed., New York: Henry Holt, 1955, p.875.

    [5] Max Savelle, “Colonial Origins of American Diplomatic Principles, ” Pacific Historical Review, Vol.3, No.3 (September 1934)，pp.343-344.

    [6]美国外交史学界对美国海洋自由观念起源问题的研究较为分散，除萨维尔的“殖民地起源”说外，格雷格·林特考察了约翰·亚当斯与1776年“条约计划”的起草问题，指出亚当斯对当时欧洲国家条约加以借鉴，参见Gregg L. Lintt，“John Adams on the Drafting of the Treaty Plan of 1776，” Diplomatic History，Vol.2，No.3(Summer 1978)，pp.313-320.国内的美国外交史学界尚无专门探讨美国海洋自由观念根源的成果。在与该问题有一定相关性的研究中，王晓德教授的论文《一七七六年“条约计划”及其对美国早期外交的影响》(《历史研究》2010年第5期)对1776年“条约计划”的思想意识根源及其影响进行了深入分析，认为它在很大程度上是美国开国元勋的“美国例外论”和“不卷入欧洲政治纷争”思想的反映，但该文没有涉及“条约计划”所包含的海洋自由观念的根源问题；李文雯的博士论文《美国海洋航行自由原则的演变及其对美国海军力量发展的影响(美国建国——第二次世界大战结束)》(博士学位论文，外交学院，2015年)第二章探讨了美国海洋航行自由原则的确立，但亦未深入考察该原则的根源所在。

    [7]参见“Address of the President of United States to the Senate, ” January 22, 1917, United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: 1917, Supplement1, The World War, Washington DC.: U. S.Government Printing Office, 1931, p.28；John D. Negroponte, “Who Will Protect Freedom of The Seas？”The Department of State Bulletin, Vol.86, No.2115 (October 1986), p.41.

    [8] Joel Munsell, ed., The Hutchinson Papers, Vol.1, Albany: The Prince Society, 1865, p.143.

    [9] Max Savelle, “Colonial Origins of American Diplomatic Principles, ” pp.343-344.

    [10]参见Hugo Grotius, The Free Sea, translated by Richard Hakluyt with William Welwod’s critique and Grotius’s reply, edited and with an introduction by David Armitage, Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund, Inc., 2004.

    [11]王晓德：《试论务实传统对美国外交的影响》，《历史研究》，1998年第4期，第117、119页。

    [12]刘泽荣：《领海法概论》，世界知识出版社1965年版，第18页。

    [13]参见Pitman Potter, The Freedom of the Seas in History, Law and Politics, New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1924, pp.94-95.

    [14] Jesse S. Reeves, “The Influence of the Law of Nature upon International Law in the United States, ” The American Journal of International Law, Vol.3, No.3 (July 1909), pp.550-551.

    [15]当时有许多殖民地的章程都授予美洲人以“英国人的权利”，参见[美]托马斯·帕特森著，顾肃、吕建高译：《美国政治文化》，东方出版社2007年版，第43页。

    [16] Douglas Owen, “Capture at Sea: Modern Conditions and the Ancient Prize Laws, ” Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Vol.49, No.2(July 1905), p.1236.

    [17] Francis R. Stark, “The Abolition of Privateering and the Declaration of Paris, ” Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol.8, No.3, New York: Columbia University, 1897, p.69.

    [18] John Franklin Jameson, ed.,Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, New York: Macmillan Company, 1923, p.xi.

    [19] The Constitution of the United States of America, Article I, Section Ⅷ, https：//constitution.congress.gov/constitution/, 2019-07-18.

    [20]参见Nicholas Parrillo, “The De­Privatization of American Warfare: How the U. S.Government Used, Regulated, and Ultimately Abandoned Privateering in the Nineteenth Century, ” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, Vol.19, No.1 (Winter 2007), pp.74-95.

    [21] Philip C. Jessup and Francis Deák, “The Early Development of the Law of Neutral Rights, ”Political Science Quarterly, Vol.46, No.4 (December 1931), pp.497-499.

    [22] “Marine Treaty in 1674, ” in Extracts, from the Several Treaties Subsisting between Great Britain and the Other Kingdoms and States: of Such Articles and Clauses, as Relate to the Duty and Conduct of the Commanders of His Majesty's Ships of War, the Third Edition, London, 1758, pp.132-141.

    [23] “Treaty of Navigation and Commerce between the Crowns of Great Britain and France, Concluded at Utrecht, March 31, 1713, ” in Extracts, from the Several Treaties Subsisting between Great Britain and the Other Kingdoms and States: of Such Articles and Clauses, as Relate to the Duty and Conduct of the Commanders of His Majesty's Ships of War, pp.43-59.

    [24] O.H.Mootham, “The Doctrine of Continuous Voyage, 1756-1815, ” British Year Book of International Law, Vol.8 (1927), p.65.

    [25] [美]托马斯·本德著，孙琇译：《万邦一国：美国在世界历史上的地位》，中信出版集团2019年版，第21页。

    [26] Jesse S. Reeves, “The Influence of the Law of Nature upon International Law in the United States, ” p. 551.

    [27] Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in American from the Revolution to the Civil War, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965, pp.109, 145-146.

    [28] Mark Weston Janis, America and the Law of Nations, 1776-1939, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp.24-25.

    [29] [美]大卫·阿米蒂奇著，孙岳译：《独立宣言：一种全球史》，商务印书馆2014年版，第24-25页；Mark Weston Janis, America and the Law of Nations, 1776-1939, p.25.

    [30] John Adams, “Autobiography, ” in Charles Francis Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Vol.3, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1851, p.52.

    [31] Worthington C. Ford, ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, Vol.5, Washington: U. S.Government Printing Office, 1906, pp.768-779.

    [32]例如在1773年1月26日和3月2日代表马萨诸塞州众议院写给总督托马斯·哈钦森的书面答复中，亚当斯多次提到并引用格劳秀斯、普芬道夫和瓦特尔的言论，以论证其议会对殖民地权力有限论。参见Robert J. Taylor, et al., eds., Papers of John Adams, Vol.1, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977, pp.320-321, 327, 330, 331, 335, 344-345.

    [33] Charles Francis Adams, ed.,The Works of John Adams, Vol.2, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1850, p.516.

    [34] Gregg L. Lint, “John Adams on the Drafting of the Treaty Plan of 1776, ” pp.313-320.

    [35] Jesse S. Reeves, “The Influence of the Law of Nature upon International Law in the United States, ” p. 558.

    [36] Charles Francis Adams, ed.,The Works of John Adams, Vol.10, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856, p.269.

    [37] Charles Francis Adams, ed.,The Works of John Adams, Vol.2, pp.488-489.

    [38] “John Adams to John Winthrop, ” Philadelphia, June 23, 1776, in Edmund Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Vol.1, Washington, DC.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921, p.502.

    [39] James R. Sofka, “The Jeffersonian Idea of National Security: Commerce, the Atlantic Balance of Power, and the Barbary War, 1785-1805, ” Diplomatic History, Vol.21, No.4 (Fall 1997), pp.520-524；James R. Sofka, “American Neutral Rights Reappraised: Identity or Interest in the Foreign Policy of the Early Republic？” Review of International Studies, Vol.26, No.4 (October 2000), p.608.

    [40] Gerard Clarfield, “John Adams: The Marketplace, and American Foreign Policy, ” The New England Quarterly, Vol.52, No.3 (September 1979), p.348.

    [41] “John Adams to the President of Congress, ” April 10, 1780, in Francis Wharton, ed.,Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Vol.3, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889, pp.606-608.

    [42] “John Adams to Digges, ” May 13, 1780；“John Adams to the President of Congress, ” May 20, 1780, in Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Vol.3, pp.676-677, 693-696.

    [43] “The Peace Commissioner (J.Adams) to the President of the Continental Congress (Huntington), ” Paris, April 14, 1780, in Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, pp.612-614.

    [44] Carlton Savage, Policy of the United States toward Maritime Commerce in War, Vol.Ⅰ, 1776-1914, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1934, p.4.

    [45] Edwards S. Corwin, “The Freedom of the Seas, ” The North American Review, Vol.209, No.758 (1919), p.34；John H. Latané, “The Freedom of the Seas, ” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.84 (July 1919), p.163.

    [46]参见William Arnold­Foster, The New Freedom of the Seas, London: Methuen & Co.Ltd., 1942, p.33.

    [47] [法]卢梭著，何兆武译：《社会契约论》，商务印书馆2005年版，第14页。

    [48] William Arnold-Foster, The New Freedom of the Seas, p.34.

    [49]参见资中筠：《20世纪的美国》，商务印书馆2018年版，第36页。

    [50] Carine Lounissi, “French Writers on the American Revolution in the Early 1780s: A Republican Moment？” in Maria O’Malley, et al, eds., Beyond 1776: Globalizing the Cultures of the American Revolution, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2018, pp.78-85.

    [51] A.Owen Aldridge, “John Adams Meets the Abbé Mably, ” Dalhousie French Studies, Vol.52 (Fall 2000), pp.88-99.

    [52] “Franklin to Oswald, ” Passy, January 14, 1783, in Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Vol.6, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889, p.210.

    [53] “Propositions Made by Commissioners to David Hartley for the Definitive Treaty, ” June 1, 1783, in The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, Vol.6, pp.470-471.

    [54] “Treaty Plan of the Continental Congress, May 7, 1784, ” in Gaillard Hunt, ed., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, Vol.26, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1928, pp.357-362.

    [55] “Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Prussia, September 10, 1785, ” in Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, Vol.2, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931, pp.162-183.

    [56] “Reasons in Support of the New Proposed Articles in the Treaties of Commerce, ” November 10, 1784, in The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, 1783-1789, Vol.1, pp.532-533.

    [57] Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy, New York: Knop, 1949, p.43.

    [58] John Bassett Moore, American Diplomacy: Its Spirit and Achievements, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1905, pp.63, 251-252, 266.

    [59]钱满素：《前沿》，《美国自由主义的历史变迁》，生活·读书·新知三联书店2006年版，第5页。

    [60]参见Thomas L. Pangle, The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p.2；王立新：《意识形态与美国外交政策：以20世纪美国对华政策为个案的研究》，北京大学出版社2007年版，第53-54页。

    [61]参见Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America's Market: U. S.Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p.4；王晓德：《美国开国先辈们的自由贸易思想探析》，《世界历史》，2003年第2期，第25页。

    [62]杨生茂主编：《美国外交政策史(1775—1989)》，人民出版社1992年版，第26页。

    [63] [美]沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德著，曹化银译：《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》，中信出版社2003年版，第112-113页。

    [64] Gregg L. Lint, “The American Revolution and the Law of Nations, 1776-1789, ” Diplomatic History, Vol.1, No.1 (Winter 1977), p.33.

    [65]相关内容可参见曲升：《从海洋自由到海洋霸权：威尔逊海洋政策构想的转变》，《世界历史》，2017年第3期；曲升：《富兰克林·罗斯福政府对美国海洋自由观的重塑及其历史影响》，《世界历史》，2022年第1期。